Palfrepedia - User contributions [en-gb]

Double Tree

2025-06-09T22:21:36Z

William: plural

An electrical-meteorological phenomenon inferred to be sometimes visible and seen in antiquity. Likely relative of the beanstalk from [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] and the various [[World Tree]]s of legend. A naturally occurring form of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair twisted pair] used in data networking and with any electrical work. A two-way electrical plasma rising from the ground that twists around itself towards the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Van Allen Belt] where it discharges, either with doughnut-shaped torus - giving the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_of_Athena owl-eyes of Athena] as seen from the ground - or in a filamentary manner seen with the world-tree.

An electrical whirlwind visibly twisting and glowing. The top may also fan out in filaments, for example in the world-tree. A form of static lightning.
=== Low-quality artist impression ===
[[File:Double-tree.jpeg||300px]]

Double Tree

2025-06-09T21:05:33Z

William: Owl-eyed Athena reference

Double Tree

2025-06-09T21:00:50Z

William: Spelling

An electrical-meteorological phenomenon inferred to be sometimes visible and seen in antiquity. Likely relative of the beanstalk from [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] and the various [[World Tree]]s of legend. A naturally occurring form of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair twisted pair] used in data networking and with any electrical work. A two-way electrical plasma rising from the ground that twists around itself towards the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Van Allen Belt] where it discharges, either with doughnut-shaped torus - giving [[own eyes|owl-eyes]] as seen from the ground - or in a filamentary manner seen with the world-tree.

An electrical whirlwind visibly twisting and glowing. The top may also fan out in filaments, for example in the world-tree. A form of static lightning.
=== Low-quality artists impression ===
[[File:Double-tree.jpeg||300px]]

Double Tree

2025-06-09T20:59:12Z

William: Add image

An electrical-meteorological phenomenon inferred to be sometimes visible and seen in antiquity. Likely relative of the beanstalk from [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] and the various [[World Tree]]s of legend. A naturally occurring form of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair twisted pair] used in data networking and with any electrical work. A two-way electrical plasma link rising form the ground that twists around itself towards the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Van Allen Belt] where it discharges, either with doughnut-shaped torus - giving [[own eyes|owl-eyes]] as seen from the ground - or in a filamentary manner seen with the world-tree.

An electrical whirlwind visibly twisting and glowing. The top may also fan out in filaments, for example in the world-tree. A form of static lightning.
=== Low-quality artists impression ===
[[File:Double-tree.jpeg||300px]]

File:Double-tree.jpeg

2025-06-09T20:48:50Z

William: Hastily drawn representation of a two-way electrical plasma. That is, a twisted pair occurring naturally to discharge atmospheric electricity.

== Summary ==
Hastily drawn representation of a two-way electrical plasma. That is, a twisted pair occurring naturally to discharge atmospheric electricity.

Folklore

2025-06-09T16:18:26Z

William: Add explanation

Bits of ancient wisdom and history that have come down to the present day as stories that describe something about ancient times, ideally with explanations for what might cause such phenomena and lead to it being remembered.
* The [[Double Tree]]

Double Tree

2025-06-09T16:13:14Z

William: Double Tree page

An electrical-meteorological phenomenon inferred to be sometimes visible and seen in antiquity. Likely relative of the beanstalk from [[Jack and the Beanstalk]] and the various [[World Tree]]s of legend. A naturally occurring form of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair twisted pair] used in data networking and with any electrical work. A two-way electrical plasma link rising form the ground that twists around itself towards the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt Van Allen Belt] where it discharges, either with doughnut-shaped torus - giving [[own eyes|owl-eyes]] as seen from the ground - or in a filamentary manner seen with the world-tree.

An electrical whirlwind visibly twisting and glowing. The top may also fan out in filaments, for example in the world-tree. A form of static lightning.

Folklore

2025-06-09T15:51:57Z

William: Reformat

Bits of ancient wisdom and history that have come down to the present day as stories that describe something about ancient times.
* The [[Double Tree]]

Folklore

2025-06-09T15:51:20Z

William: What is folklore? The Double Tree.

Bits of ancient wisdom and history that have come down to the present day as stories that describe something about ancient times.
The [[Double Tree]]

Main Page

2025-06-09T15:49:29Z

William: Add folklore section

Palfrepedia

Better than Wikipedia. Fewer lies. More [[Commander Keen|Keen]].

* [[Architecture]]
* [[Animals]]
* [[Books]]
* [[Classical Languages]]
* [[Colours]]
* [[Computing]], see for [[Commander Keen]].
* [[Countries]]
* [[Films]]
* [[Folklore]]
* [[:Category:Kings of England|Kings of]] [[England]]
* [[Lipstick]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Music]]
* [[Nail Polish]]
* [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Religion]]
* [[Teachers]]
* [[Users]] of this website, their pages.

Patrington Church

2025-04-30T16:48:59Z

William: Add Patrington Church page

St Patrick's Church, Patrington, in the East Riding of Yorkshire about ten miles beyond Hull. Said by [[Pevsner]] to be a great example of [[13th Century]] [[architecture]] but stronly resembles late 19th Century church design and has no obvious link to 13th Century. More details to follow.

Churches

2025-04-30T16:46:29Z

William: Add Patrington church section

Information about specific church designs of architectural interest, and likely dating.
* [[Patrington Church|St Patrick's, Patrington]], Yorkshire.

Architecture

2025-04-30T16:43:37Z

William: Add architecture page

Interesting architecture, typically the old sort. Not modern architecture.
* [[Churches]]
* [[Castles]]

Main Page

2025-04-30T16:41:52Z

William: Add architecture section

Palfrepedia

Better than Wikipedia. Fewer lies. More [[Commander Keen|Keen]].

* [[Architecture]]
* [[Animals]]
* [[Books]]
* [[Classical Languages]]
* [[Colours]]
* [[Computing]], see for [[Commander Keen]].
* [[Countries]]
* [[Films]]
* [[:Category:Kings of England|Kings of]] [[England]]
* [[Lipstick]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Music]]
* [[Nail Polish]]
* [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Religion]]
* [[Teachers]]
* [[Users]] of this website, their pages.

OpenSSL

2025-02-11T15:14:28Z

William: Add CASetserial for real-world use

[https://www.openssl.org/ OpenSSL]is the widely used encryption layer in [[UNIX]] operating systems. The most common day to day use is providing transport layer security to websites, such as this one and indicated by the use of https in the URL.

Points to be covered in this document

* Generating a private key
* Generating a Certificate Signing Request
* Fitting an SSL key
* Verification
* Starting a Certificate Authority.

Will be fleshed out as time allows.

== Creating and using S/MIME ==
This is how to create a self-signed S/MIME certificate, used for email encryption and decryption in an email client.

First, generate your new key for the sender:
<pre>$ openssl genrsa -out smime.key 2048</pre>
Then create a [[Certificate Signing Request]]:
<pre>$ openssl req -new -key smime.key -out smime.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:GB
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Leeds
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Leeds
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Palfreman Trading Ltd
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:William Palfreman
Email Address []:william@palfreman.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
</pre>
Then sign the [[Certificate Signing Request|CSR]] using your own [[Certificate Authority]].
<pre>$ openssl x509 -req -days 730 -in csr/smime.csr -CA certs/intermediate.crt -CAkey private/intermediate.key -set_serial 1 -out ../smime/smime.crt</pre>

Then the receiver needs to create a key and a certificate signing request. This is their server.
<pre>$ openssl genrsa -out sender-smime.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
........................................................................................+++++
........+++++
</pre>
Then create the Certificate Request using the new key

<pre>
$ openssl req -new -key sender-smime.key -out sender-smime.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:GB
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:London
Locality Name (eg, city) []:LONDON
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:University of Grantchester
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Grantchester HostCo
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:William Palfreman
Email Address []:william.palfreman@grantchester.ac.uk

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
</pre>
The creates a certificate request (CSR) which isn't confidential but I won't list here. Take that CSR to your Certificate Authority (CA) and issue the certificate
<pre>
$ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in csr/grant.csr -CA certs/intermediate.crt -CAkey private/intermediate.key -out grant.crt
Certificate request self-signature ok
subject=C = GB, ST = London, L = LONDON, O = University of Granchester, OU = HostCo, CN = William Palfreman, emailAddress = william.palfreman@grantchester.ac.uk
Enter pass phrase for private/intermediate.key:</pre>

Then pass the receiver sender certificate back to the sending server.

[Next, details about the openssl pipeline to sign and encrypt the smime attachment.]
== Keys and CSRs for websites ==
=== Create Key ===
Create the new RSA key. This should be done for each new certificate and should remain on the server it is intended for.
<pre>$ openssl genrsa -out www.mydomain.com.key 2048
$ chmod 400 www.mydomain.com.key</pre>
=== Create CSR ===
# Make a local copy of openssl.cnf
# Uncomment the line about v3_extensions<pre>req_extensions = v3_req</pre>
# Add a subjectAltName under basicConstraints and keyUsage in [ v3_req ] section.
<pre>[ v3_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = DNS:www.mydomain.com,DNS:mydomain.com,DNS:other.mydomain.com</pre>
There is some debate whether wildcard domains can be SANs. I think they can.
Now create the CSR for the website.<pre>$ openssl req -new -key www.mydomain.com.key -sha256 -config openssl.cnf -subj '/C=GB/ST=Yorkshire/L=Leeds/O=Company Name/OU=Company IT Dept/CN=www.mydomain.com' > www.mydomain.com.csr</pre>

The file www.mydomain.com.csr can be provided to the certificate authority for signing.
=== Signing Cert with own CA ===
This assumes you have your own certificate authority as many people do for internal use. In this example the above CSR has been sent to you to sign.
# Create this file in the directory where the CSR is
<pre>cat mydomain-extensions.cnf

[ v3_req ]

# Extensions to add to a certificate request

basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = DNS:www.mydomain.com,DNS:mydomain.com,DNS:other.mydomain.com

[ ca_extensions ]

subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always, issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = keyCertSign, cRLSign</pre>
# Sign the CSR to make the certificate
<pre>intermediate$ openssl x509 -req -days 1830 -in csr/www.mydomain.com.csr -CA certs/intermediate.crt -CAkey private/intermediate.key -extensions v3_req -extfile extensions.cnf -set_serial 1 -out mydomain.com/www.mydomain.com.crt
Certificate request self-signature ok
subject=C = GB, ST = Yorkshire, L = Leeds, O = Company Name, CN = www.mydomain.com
Enter pass phrase for private/intermediate.key:</pre>
For later certificates use the -CAcreateserial switch instead to increment the serial number:
<pre>$ openssl x509 -req -days 397 -in csr/www.mydomain.com.csr -CA certs/intermediate.crt -CAkey private/intermediate.key -extensions v3_req -extfile extensions.cnf -CAcreateserial -out newcerts/www.mydomain.com.crt</pre>
Now you have created the certificate, check all the details are correct:
<pre>
$ openssl x509 -text -noout -in www.mydomain.com.crt
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C = GB, ST = England, O = My Company, OU = My Company Certificate Authority, CN = My Company Intermediate CA
Validity
Not Before: Aug 7 18:57:24 2024 GMT
Not After : Aug 11 18:57:24 2029 GMT
Subject: C = GB, ST = Yorkshire, L = Leeds, O = My Company Name, CN = www.mydomain.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (4096 bit)
Modulus:<snipped>
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:mydomain.com, DNS:www.mydomain.com
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
<snipped>
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
<snipped>
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Signature Value:<snipped></pre>
=== Moduli ===
You must check the moduli line up on the server. Each file, the RSA, the CSR and the certificate should have the same modulus. You can append you ca-chain.pem to the certificate file. OpenSSL will only look at the first.
<pre>$ sudo openssl rsa -modulus -noout -in private/www.mydomain.com.key | openssl md5
(stdin)= 5e7b29b4369f6f7a7f79e1d78c5dd672
$ openssl x509 -modulus -noout -in www.mydomain.com.crt | openssl md5
(stdin)= 5e7b29b4369f6f7a7f79e1d78c5dd672
$ openssl req -modulus -noout -in www.mydomain.com.csr | openssl md5
(stdin)= 5e7b29b4369f6f7a7f79e1d78c5dd672</pre>
Then the certificate can be fitted to the webserver.

== Writing random seed with writerand ==
Sometimes openssl lacks a random seed and fails. You can easily create a file for this.
<pre>$ openssl rand -writerand $HOME/.rnd</pre>

Music

2024-09-08T20:27:12Z

William: Created music page

Music on one of the least understood of human activities. It is not easy to say outright what its purpose is, yet we do it and enjoy it to such an extend that people find within music often the whole meaning of their life.
= Categories of music =
Not all music fits neatly into one category and often crosses several, but here is an attempt.
== Religious music ==
* [[Hymns]]
* Sung masses
== Classical music ==
* European polyphony
== Popular music ==
* [[Folk|Folk music]] or traditional music
* Traditional sung popular music, like [[Music Hall]]
* [[Pre-recorded popular music]], "pop"
* Modern music, essentially pseudo-classical of the modern era without fulfilling the requirement of being of the best.

Main Page

2024-09-08T20:10:14Z

William: Created Music page

Palfrepedia

Better than Wikipedia. Fewer lies. More [[Commander Keen|Keen]].

* [[Animals]]
* [[Books]]
* [[Classical Languages]]
* [[Colours]]
* [[Computing]], see for [[Commander Keen]].
* [[Countries]]
* [[Films]]
* [[:Category:Kings of England|Kings of]] [[England]]
* [[Lipstick]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Music]]
* [[Nail Polish]]
* [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Religion]]
* [[Teachers]]
* [[Users]] of this website, their pages.

Religion

2024-09-08T20:07:55Z

William: Delinking some pages that don't exist.

The six most common Religions consist of a god, and punishment after death if bad, reward if good. Here they are:
* [[Christianity]]
* [[Judaism]]
* [[Islam]]
* Buddhism
* Sikhism
* Hinduism

Islam

2024-09-08T20:05:52Z

William: Creation of page on Islam

Islam the religion, Muslims the people. Their principle prophet is Muhammad, who is explicitly not recognised in Christianity. Differs also from Christianity in that there is no Trinity and Jesus is considered a prophet rather than the Son of God. The origins of Islam are mysterious but could be considered as the form of religion adopted by the people cast out of Jerusalem by the Romans. Differing from Christians who while sharing much the same religious background are explicitly Roman-derived. Early Christian history includes Arians who seem to have existed in every part of the world where Muslims are today and to have shared the strictly monotheistic approach. It is possible therefore that the difference between Arians then and Muslims today is simply a labelling error. Arguably the result of Trinitarian Christian persecution of Arians in areas where today Muslims predominate could the the precursor the prophesy of Mohammed.

Main Page

2024-09-08T19:45:41Z

William: Undo revision 677 by Teal Yorp (talk)

Palfrepedia

Better than Wikipedia. Fewer lies. More [[Commander Keen|Keen]].

* [[Animals]]
* [[Books]]
* [[Classical Languages]]
* [[Colours]]
* [[Computing]], see for [[Commander Keen]].
* [[Countries]]
* [[Films]]
* [[:Category:Kings of England|Kings of]] [[England]]
* [[Lipstick]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Nail Polish]]
* [[:Category:Philosophy|Philosophy]]
* [[Religion]]
* [[Teachers]]
* [[Users]] of this website, their pages.

OpenSSL

2024-08-07T20:05:36Z

William: Added signing a CSR

[https://www.openssl.org/ OpenSSL]is the widely used encryption layer in [[UNIX]] operating systems. The most common day to day use is providing transport layer security to websites, such as this one and indicated by the use of https in the URL.

Points to be covered in this document

* Generating a private key
* Generating a Certificate Signing Request
* Fitting an SSL key
* Verification
* Starting a Certificate Authority.

Will be fleshed out as time allows.

== Creating and using S/MIME ==
This is how to create a self-signed S/MIME certificate, used for email encryption and decryption in an email client.

First, generate your new key for the sender:
<pre>$ openssl genrsa -out smime.key 2048</pre>
Then create a [[Certificate Signing Request]]:
<pre>$ openssl req -new -key smime.key -out smime.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:GB
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Leeds
Locality Name (eg, city) []:Leeds
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Palfreman Trading Ltd
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:William Palfreman
Email Address []:william@palfreman.com

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
</pre>
Then sign the [[Certificate Signing Request|CSR]] using your own [[Certificate Authority]].
<pre>$ openssl x509 -req -days 730 -in csr/smime.csr -CA certs/intermediate.crt -CAkey private/intermediate.key -set_serial 1 -out ../smime/smime.crt</pre>

Then the receiver needs to create a key and a certificate signing request. This is their server.
<pre>$ openssl genrsa -out sender-smime.key 2048
Generating RSA private key, 2048 bit long modulus (2 primes)
........................................................................................+++++
........+++++
</pre>
Then create the Certificate Request using the new key

<pre>
$ openssl req -new -key sender-smime.key -out sender-smime.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:GB
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:London
Locality Name (eg, city) []:LONDON
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:University of Grantchester
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Grantchester HostCo
Common Name (e.g. server FQDN or YOUR name) []:William Palfreman
Email Address []:william.palfreman@grantchester.ac.uk

Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
</pre>
The creates a certificate request (CSR) which isn't confidential but I won't list here. Take that CSR to your Certificate Authority (CA) and issue the certificate
<pre>
$ openssl x509 -req -days 365 -in csr/grant.csr -CA certs/intermediate.crt -CAkey private/intermediate.key -out grant.crt
Certificate request self-signature ok
subject=C = GB, ST = London, L = LONDON, O = University of Granchester, OU = HostCo, CN = William Palfreman, emailAddress = william.palfreman@grantchester.ac.uk
Enter pass phrase for private/intermediate.key:</pre>

Then pass the receiver sender certificate back to the sending server.

[Next, details about the openssl pipeline to sign and encrypt the smime attachment.]
== Keys and CSRs for websites ==
=== Create Key ===
Create the new RSA key. This should be done for each new certificate and should remain on the server it is intended for.
<pre>$ openssl genrsa -out www.mydomain.com.key 2048
$ chmod 400 www.mydomain.com.key</pre>
=== Create CSR ===
# Make a local copy of openssl.cnf
# Uncomment the line about v3_extensions<pre>req_extensions = v3_req</pre>
# Add a subjectAltName under basicConstraints and keyUsage in [ v3_req ] section.
<pre>[ v3_req ]
basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = DNS:www.mydomain.com,DNS:mydomain.com,DNS:other.mydomain.com</pre>
There is some debate whether wildcard domains can be SANs. I think they can.
Now create the CSR for the website.<pre>$ openssl req -new -key www.mydomain.com.key -sha256 -config openssl.cnf -subj '/C=GB/ST=Yorkshire/L=Leeds/O=Company Name/OU=Company IT Dept/CN=www.mydomain.com' > www.mydomain.com.csr</pre>

The file www.mydomain.com.csr can be provided to the certificate authority for signing.
=== Signing Cert with own CA ===
This assumes you have your own certificate authority as many people do for internal use. In this example the above CSR has been sent to you to sign.
# Create this file in the directory where the CSR is
<pre>cat mydomain-extensions.cnf

[ v3_req ]

# Extensions to add to a certificate request

basicConstraints = CA:FALSE
keyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment
subjectAltName = DNS:www.mydomain.com,DNS:mydomain.com,DNS:other.mydomain.com

[ ca_extensions ]

subjectKeyIdentifier = hash
authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always, issuer
basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
keyUsage = keyCertSign, cRLSign</pre>
# Sign the CSR to make the certificate
<pre>intermediate$ openssl x509 -req -days 1830 -in csr/www.mydomain.com.csr -CA certs/intermediate.crt -CAkey private/intermediate.key -extensions v3_req -extfile extensions.cnf -set_serial 1 -out mydomain.com/www.mydomain.com.crt
Certificate request self-signature ok
subject=C = GB, ST = Yorkshire, L = Leeds, O = Company Name, CN = www.mydomain.com
Enter pass phrase for private/intermediate.key:</pre>
Now you have created the certificate, check all the details are correct:
<pre>
$ openssl x509 -text -noout -in www.mydomain.com.crt
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C = GB, ST = England, O = My Company, OU = My Company Certificate Authority, CN = My Company Intermediate CA
Validity
Not Before: Aug 7 18:57:24 2024 GMT
Not After : Aug 11 18:57:24 2029 GMT
Subject: C = GB, ST = Yorkshire, L = Leeds, O = My Company Name, CN = www.mydomain.com
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
Public-Key: (4096 bit)
Modulus:<snipped>
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
X509v3 Key Usage:
Digital Signature, Non Repudiation, Key Encipherment
X509v3 Subject Alternative Name:
DNS:mydomain.com, DNS:www.mydomain.com
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
<snipped>
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
<snipped>
Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
Signature Value:<snipped></pre>
=== Moduli ===
You must check the moduli line up on the server. Each file, the RSA, the CSR and the certificate should have the same modulus. You can append you ca-chain.pem to the certificate file. OpenSSL will only look at the first.
<pre>$ sudo openssl rsa -modulus -noout -in private/www.mydomain.com.key | openssl md5
(stdin)= 5e7b29b4369f6f7a7f79e1d78c5dd672
$ openssl x509 -modulus -noout -in www.mydomain.com.crt | openssl md5
(stdin)= 5e7b29b4369f6f7a7f79e1d78c5dd672
$ openssl req -modulus -noout -in www.mydomain.com.csr | openssl md5
(stdin)= 5e7b29b4369f6f7a7f79e1d78c5dd672</pre>
Then the certificate can be fitted to the webserver.

== Writing random seed with writerand ==
Sometimes openssl lacks a random seed and fails. You can easily create a file for this.
<pre>$ openssl rand -writerand $HOME/.rnd</pre>

Megaraid SAS

2024-02-25T22:06:34Z

William: Better formatting.

These The MegaRAID SAS controllers re called Percraid on Dell Poweredge servers. They use the MegaCLI utility, which is described here.
== MegaCLI ==
This to show what virtual disks are present. This describes a system with a pair of 300GB SAS 15k rpm disks holding the OS, an array of four 1TB drives and a pair modern 20TB drives, forming a 300GB OS drive, a 20TB data drive and a 3TB additional storage drive.
Below are the virtual drives:
<nowiki># megacli -LDInfo -Lall -a0

Adapter 0 -- Virtual Drive Information:
Virtual Drive: 0 (Target Id: 0)
Name :OS-Disk
RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0
Size : 278.875 GB
Sector Size : 512
Mirror Data : 278.875 GB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 2
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: Yes
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: Yes
Is VD Cached: No

Virtual Drive: 1 (Target Id: 1)
Name :spare-r5
RAID Level : Primary-5, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-3
Size : 2.727 TB
Sector Size : 512
Parity Size : 931.0 GB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 4
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Ongoing Progresses:
Background Initialization: Completed 41%, Taken 933 min.
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: No
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: No
Is VD Cached: No

Virtual Drive: 2 (Target Id: 2)
Name :
RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0
Size : 18.189 TB
Sector Size : 512
Mirror Data : 18.189 TB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 2
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Ongoing Progresses:
Background Initialization: Completed 4%, Taken 933 min.
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: No
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: No
Is VD Cached: No

Exit Code: 0x00</nowiki>
And here are the physical drives. All eight drive bays are filled.
<nowiki># megacli -pdlist -a0

Adapter #0

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 0
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 0
WWN: 50014ee057c5c7cd
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221107000000
Connected Port Number: 7(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8663060WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :43C (109.40 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 1
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 1
WWN: 50014ee057c5c5f4
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221106000000
Connected Port Number: 6(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8635175WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :47C (116.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 2
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 2
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 2
WWN: 50014ee206916984
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 1V02
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221105000000
Connected Port Number: 1(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMAW30234603WDC WD1003FBYX-18Y7B0 01.01V02
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :44C (111.20 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 3
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 3
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 3
WWN: 50014ee057c5c89b
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221104000000
Connected Port Number: 2(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8637476WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :44C (111.20 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 4
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 0, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 4
WWN: 5000C50072369C50
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SAS

Raw Size: 279.396 GB [0x22ecb25c Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 278.896 GB [0x22dcb25c Sectors]
Coerced Size: 278.875 GB [0x22dc0000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: YSFA
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x5000c50072369c51
SAS Address(1): 0x0
Connected Port Number: 4(path0)
Inquiry Data: SEAGATE ST9300453SS YSFA6XN69MSN
FDE Capable: Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :37C (98.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Port-1 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: Unknown
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 5
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 0, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 5
WWN: 5000C50070D8CDEC
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 1
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 4812
PD Type: SAS

Raw Size: 279.396 GB [0x22ecb25c Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 278.896 GB [0x22dcb25c Sectors]
Coerced Size: 278.875 GB [0x22dc0000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: ES66
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x5000c50070d8cded
SAS Address(1): 0x0
Connected Port Number: 3(path0)
Inquiry Data: SEAGATE ST3300657SS ES666SJ7P3BJ
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :42C (107.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Port-1 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: Unknown
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : Yes

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 6
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 2, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 6
WWN: 5000c500e5e26a83
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 18.190 TB [0x918600000 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: EN01
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221101000000
Connected Port Number: 5(path0)
Inquiry Data: ZVT3DWS4ST20000NE000-3G5101 EN01
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive: Not Certified
Drive Temperature :38C (100.40 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 7
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 2, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 7
WWN: 5000c500e5e0b4b9
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 18.190 TB [0x918600000 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: EN01
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221100000000
Connected Port Number: 0(path0)
Inquiry Data: ZVT4F6DGST20000NE000-3G5101 EN01
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive: Not Certified
Drive Temperature :36C (96.80 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Exit Code: 0x00</nowiki>
One of the 300GB SAS drives (for the OS) is reporting a [https://techterms.com/definition/smart SMART] error. This disk should be replaced before it fails.
=== Disk swap ===
This is where the disk is swapped over. Once the new disk is inserted it rebuilds itself.
<nowiki># megacli -pdoffline -physdrv[32:5] -a0

Adapter: 0: EnclId-32 SlotId-5 state changed to OffLine.

Exit Code: 0x00
# megacli -pdmarkmissing -physdrv[32:5] -a0

EnclId-32 SlotId-5 is marked Missing.

Exit Code: 0x00
# megacli -pdprprmv -physdrv[32:5] -a0

Prepare for removal Success

Exit Code: 0x00
</nowiki>
=== Check the rebuild ===
You can see how the rebuild is progressing like this:
<nowiki># megacli -PDRbld -ShowProg -PhysDrv[32:5] -a0

Rebuild Progress on Device at Enclosure 32, Slot 5 Completed 7% in 8 Minutes.</nowiki>

Megaraid SAS

2024-02-24T20:52:21Z

William: Add disk swap info

These adapters are called Percraid on Dell Poweredge servers. Uses the MegaCLI utility.
== MegaCLI ==
This to show what virtual disks are present. This describes a system with a pair of 300GB SAS 15k rpm disks holding the OS, an array of four 1TB drives and a pair modern 20TB drives, forming a 300GB OS drive, a 20TB data drive and a 3TB additional storage drive.
Below are the virtual drives:
<nowiki># megacli -LDInfo -Lall -a0

Adapter 0 -- Virtual Drive Information:
Virtual Drive: 0 (Target Id: 0)
Name :OS-Disk
RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0
Size : 278.875 GB
Sector Size : 512
Mirror Data : 278.875 GB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 2
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: Yes
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: Yes
Is VD Cached: No

Virtual Drive: 1 (Target Id: 1)
Name :spare-r5
RAID Level : Primary-5, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-3
Size : 2.727 TB
Sector Size : 512
Parity Size : 931.0 GB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 4
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Ongoing Progresses:
Background Initialization: Completed 41%, Taken 933 min.
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: No
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: No
Is VD Cached: No

Virtual Drive: 2 (Target Id: 2)
Name :
RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0
Size : 18.189 TB
Sector Size : 512
Mirror Data : 18.189 TB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 2
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Ongoing Progresses:
Background Initialization: Completed 4%, Taken 933 min.
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: No
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: No
Is VD Cached: No

Exit Code: 0x00</nowiki>
And here are the physical drives. All eight drive bays are filled.
<nowiki># megacli -pdlist -a0

Adapter #0

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 0
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 0
WWN: 50014ee057c5c7cd
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221107000000
Connected Port Number: 7(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8663060WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :43C (109.40 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 1
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 1
WWN: 50014ee057c5c5f4
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221106000000
Connected Port Number: 6(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8635175WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :47C (116.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 2
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 2
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 2
WWN: 50014ee206916984
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 1V02
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221105000000
Connected Port Number: 1(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMAW30234603WDC WD1003FBYX-18Y7B0 01.01V02
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :44C (111.20 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 3
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 3
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 3
WWN: 50014ee057c5c89b
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221104000000
Connected Port Number: 2(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8637476WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :44C (111.20 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 4
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 0, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 4
WWN: 5000C50072369C50
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SAS

Raw Size: 279.396 GB [0x22ecb25c Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 278.896 GB [0x22dcb25c Sectors]
Coerced Size: 278.875 GB [0x22dc0000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: YSFA
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x5000c50072369c51
SAS Address(1): 0x0
Connected Port Number: 4(path0)
Inquiry Data: SEAGATE ST9300453SS YSFA6XN69MSN
FDE Capable: Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :37C (98.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Port-1 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: Unknown
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 5
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 0, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 5
WWN: 5000C50070D8CDEC
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 1
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 4812
PD Type: SAS

Raw Size: 279.396 GB [0x22ecb25c Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 278.896 GB [0x22dcb25c Sectors]
Coerced Size: 278.875 GB [0x22dc0000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: ES66
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x5000c50070d8cded
SAS Address(1): 0x0
Connected Port Number: 3(path0)
Inquiry Data: SEAGATE ST3300657SS ES666SJ7P3BJ
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :42C (107.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Port-1 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: Unknown
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : Yes

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 6
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 2, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 6
WWN: 5000c500e5e26a83
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 18.190 TB [0x918600000 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: EN01
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221101000000
Connected Port Number: 5(path0)
Inquiry Data: ZVT3DWS4ST20000NE000-3G5101 EN01
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive: Not Certified
Drive Temperature :38C (100.40 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 7
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 2, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 7
WWN: 5000c500e5e0b4b9
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 18.190 TB [0x918600000 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: EN01
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221100000000
Connected Port Number: 0(path0)
Inquiry Data: ZVT4F6DGST20000NE000-3G5101 EN01
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive: Not Certified
Drive Temperature :36C (96.80 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Exit Code: 0x00</nowiki>
One of the 300GB SAS drives (for the OS) is reporting a [https://techterms.com/definition/smart SMART] error. This disk should be replaced before it fails.
=== Disk swap ===
This is where the disk is swapped over. Once the new disk is inserted it rebuilds itself.
<nowiki># megacli -pdoffline -physdrv[32:5] -a0

Adapter: 0: EnclId-32 SlotId-5 state changed to OffLine.

Exit Code: 0x00
# megacli -pdmarkmissing -physdrv[32:5] -a0

EnclId-32 SlotId-5 is marked Missing.

Exit Code: 0x00
# megacli -pdprprmv -physdrv[32:5] -a0

Prepare for removal Success

Exit Code: 0x00

# megacli -PDRbld -ShowProg -PhysDrv[32:5] -a0

Rebuild Progress on Device at Enclosure 32, Slot 5 Completed 7% in 8 Minutes.
</nowiki>

Megaraid SAS

2024-02-23T14:39:32Z

William: typo

Megaraid SAS

2024-02-23T14:27:23Z

William: First save

These adapters are called Percraid on Dell Poweredge servers. Uses the MegaCLI utility.
== MegaCLI ==
This to show what virtual disks are present. This describes a system with a pair of 300GB SAS 15k rpm disks holding the OS, an array of four 1TB drives and a pair modern 20TB drives, forming a 300GB OS drive, a 20TB data drive and a 3TB additional storage drive.
Below are the virtual drives:
<nowiki># megacli -LDInfo -Lall -a0

Adapter 0 -- Virtual Drive Information:
Virtual Drive: 0 (Target Id: 0)
Name :OS-Disk
RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0
Size : 278.875 GB
Sector Size : 512
Mirror Data : 278.875 GB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 2
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: Yes
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: Yes
Is VD Cached: No

Virtual Drive: 1 (Target Id: 1)
Name :spare-r5
RAID Level : Primary-5, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-3
Size : 2.727 TB
Sector Size : 512
Parity Size : 931.0 GB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 4
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Ongoing Progresses:
Background Initialization: Completed 41%, Taken 933 min.
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: No
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: No
Is VD Cached: No

Virtual Drive: 2 (Target Id: 2)
Name :
RAID Level : Primary-1, Secondary-0, RAID Level Qualifier-0
Size : 18.189 TB
Sector Size : 512
Mirror Data : 18.189 TB
State : Optimal
Strip Size : 64 KB
Number Of Drives : 2
Span Depth : 1
Default Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Current Cache Policy: WriteThrough, ReadAheadNone, Direct, No Write Cache if Bad BBU
Default Access Policy: Read/Write
Current Access Policy: Read/Write
Disk Cache Policy : Disk's Default
Ongoing Progresses:
Background Initialization: Completed 4%, Taken 933 min.
Encryption Type : None
Default Power Savings Policy: Controller Defined
Current Power Savings Policy: None
Can spin up in 1 minute: Yes
LD has drives that support T10 power conditions: No
LD's IO profile supports MAX power savings with cached writes: No
Bad Blocks Exist: No
Is VD Cached: No

Exit Code: 0x00</nowiki>
And here are the physical drives. All eight drive bays are filled.
<nowiki># megacli -pdlist -a0

Adapter #0

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 0
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 0
WWN: 50014ee057c5c7cd
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221107000000
Connected Port Number: 7(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8663060WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :43C (109.40 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 1
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 1
WWN: 50014ee057c5c5f4
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221106000000
Connected Port Number: 6(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8635175WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :47C (116.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 2
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 2
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 2
WWN: 50014ee206916984
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 1V02
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221105000000
Connected Port Number: 1(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMAW30234603WDC WD1003FBYX-18Y7B0 01.01V02
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :44C (111.20 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 3
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 1, Span: 0, Arm: 3
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 3
WWN: 50014ee057c5c89b
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 931.512 GB [0x74706db0 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 931.012 GB [0x74606db0 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 931.0 GB [0x74600000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: 0C12
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221104000000
Connected Port Number: 2(path0)
Inquiry Data: WD-WMATV8637476WDC WD1002FBYS-18W8B1 03.00C12
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 3.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :44C (111.20 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 3.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 4
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 0, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 4
WWN: 5000C50072369C50
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SAS

Raw Size: 279.396 GB [0x22ecb25c Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 278.896 GB [0x22dcb25c Sectors]
Coerced Size: 278.875 GB [0x22dc0000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: YSFA
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x5000c50072369c51
SAS Address(1): 0x0
Connected Port Number: 4(path0)
Inquiry Data: SEAGATE ST9300453SS YSFA6XN69MSN
FDE Capable: Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :37C (98.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Port-1 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: Unknown
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 5
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 0, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 5
WWN: 5000C50070D8CDEC
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 1
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 4812
PD Type: SAS

Raw Size: 279.396 GB [0x22ecb25c Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 278.896 GB [0x22dcb25c Sectors]
Coerced Size: 278.875 GB [0x22dc0000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: ES66
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x5000c50070d8cded
SAS Address(1): 0x0
Connected Port Number: 3(path0)
Inquiry Data: SEAGATE ST3300657SS ES666SJ7P3BJ
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive Temperature :42C (107.60 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Port-1 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: Unknown
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : Yes

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 6
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 2, Span: 0, Arm: 0
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 6
WWN: 5000c500e5e26a83
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 18.190 TB [0x918600000 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: EN01
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221101000000
Connected Port Number: 5(path0)
Inquiry Data: ZVT3DWS4ST20000NE000-3G5101 EN01
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive: Not Certified
Drive Temperature :38C (100.40 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Enclosure Device ID: 32
Slot Number: 7
Drive's position: DiskGroup: 2, Span: 0, Arm: 1
Enclosure position: 1
Device Id: 7
WWN: 5000c500e5e0b4b9
Sequence Number: 2
Media Error Count: 0
Other Error Count: 0
Predictive Failure Count: 0
Last Predictive Failure Event Seq Number: 0
PD Type: SATA

Raw Size: 18.190 TB [0x918600000 Sectors]
Non Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Coerced Size: 18.189 TB [0x918500000 Sectors]
Sector Size: 0
Firmware state: Online, Spun Up
Device Firmware Level: EN01
Shield Counter: 0
Successful diagnostics completion on : N/A
SAS Address(0): 0x4433221100000000
Connected Port Number: 0(path0)
Inquiry Data: ZVT4F6DGST20000NE000-3G5101 EN01
FDE Capable: Not Capable
FDE Enable: Disable
Secured: Unsecured
Locked: Unlocked
Needs EKM Attention: No
Foreign State: None
Device Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Link Speed: 6.0Gb/s
Media Type: Hard Disk Device
Drive: Not Certified
Drive Temperature :36C (96.80 F)
PI Eligibility: No
Drive is formatted for PI information: No
PI: No PI
Drive's NCQ setting : N/A
Port-0 :
Port status: Active
Port's Linkspeed: 6.0Gb/s
Drive has flagged a S.M.A.R.T alert : No

Exit Code: 0x00</nowiki>
One of the 300GB SAS drives (for the OS) is reporting a [SMART|https://techterms.com/definition/smart] error. This disk should be replaced before it fails.

Computing

2024-02-23T14:13:16Z

William: /* Other */ Add megaraid

Something new under the sun. We had [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] logic, and towards the end of the 19th Century boolean logic too, but nobody applied it to electrical circuitry until the 1930s. Once they did it led to an explosion of the logical inner world that is computing, the development of programming languages, operating systems, Internet communication and the replacement of craft after craft with computerised versions.

==Operating Systems==
* [[MS-DOS]]
* [[UNIX]]
* [[Linux]]
* [[OpenBSD]]
* FreeBSD
* NetBSD
* [[Windows]]

==Instant Messenger Systems==
* Briar
* Facebook Messenger
* Matrix
* [[Telegram]]
* Session
* [[Signal]]
* Whatsapp
==Games==
[[Commander Keen]]
==Cryptography==
* [[OpenSSL]]
* [[OpenSSH]]
* [[IKE]] and IPsec

==Other==
* [[Printers]]
* [[Cisco Switches]]
* [[Megaraid SAS]]

IKE

2023-09-15T22:46:04Z

William: First save

This is about how to set up Internet Key Exchange for [[IPsec]] on OpenBSD
=== /etc/iked.conf ===
<nowiki>
ikev2 'responder_rsa' passive esp \
from any to dynamic \
local 21.32.43.54 peer any \
srcid router.int.palfreman.com \
config address 10.1.0.0/24 \
tag "ROADW"
</nowiki>

PF firewall rules:
<nowiki>
# IKE
pass in log on egress proto udp from any to (egress) port {isakmp, ipsec-nat-t} tag IKED
pass in log on egress proto esp from any to (egress) tag IKED
pass log on enc0 tagged ROADW
match out log on egress inet tagged ROADW nat-to (egress:0)
</nowiki>

Computing

2023-09-15T22:06:06Z

William: /* Cryptography */ add IKE

The Vexation of the World: Introduction

2023-09-06T19:50:05Z

William: Start of intro

The title speaks for itself on the tenor and content of this book. "The Vexation of the World", wants
[translation to be continued...]

The Vexation of the World

2023-09-06T19:41:07Z

William: Add Intro

An amateur translation of [https://www.amazon.co.uk/MONDO-AL-CONTRARIO-ROBERTO-VANNACCI/dp/B0CF4BJN3D|Il Mondo al Contrario] by the Italian general [[Roberto Vannacci]].
*[[The Vexation of the World: Translator's forward|Translator's forward]]
*[[The Vexation of the World: Author note|Note about the author]]
*[[The Vexation of the World: Introduction|Introduction]]
#[[The Vexation of the World: Common Sense|Common Sense]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Environmentalism|Environmentalism]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Energy|Energy]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Multicultalism|Multicultural and Multi-ethnic Society]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Security|Security and Self Defence]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Home|Home]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Family|Family]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Country|Country]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: LGBT+++_world|LGBT+++ World]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Taxation|Taxation]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: The_New_City|The New City]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Animal_Rights|Animal Rights]]
*[[The Vexation of_the World: Acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]]

The Vexation of the World: Author note

2023-09-06T19:17:02Z

William: Authors note

This work represents the thoughts, expression and personal opinions of the author and not represent any institutional position nor should attributed to any other state or government body.
He recommends the book be read by mature adults able to comprehend, to a degree, the arguments put forward without distorting them, or partially or factitiously compromising them, so the correct expressions and original significance are not lost.
The author declines all responsibility for any erroneous interpretation of the text, and dissociates himself, as of now, from any illegal acts that may derive from such misinterpretation.

The Vexation of the World

2023-09-06T18:25:13Z

William: Re-style chapters

An amateur translation of [https://www.amazon.co.uk/MONDO-AL-CONTRARIO-ROBERTO-VANNACCI/dp/B0CF4BJN3D|Il Mondo al Contrario] by the Italian general [[Roberto Vannacci]].
*[[The Vexation of the World: Translator's forward|Translator's forward]]
*[[The Vexation of the World: Author note|Note about the author]]
#[[The Vexation of the World: Common Sense|Common Sense]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Environmentalism|Environmentalism]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Energy|Energy]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Multiculti|Multicultural and Multi-ethnic Society]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Security|Security and Self Defence]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Home|Home]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Family|Family]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Country|Country]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: LGBT+++_world|LGBT+++ World]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Taxation|Taxation]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: The_New_City|The New City]]
#[[The Vexation of_the World: Animal_Rights|Animal Rights]]
*[[The Vexation of_the World: Acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]]

The Vexation of the World: Translator's forward

2023-09-06T18:21:17Z

William: William moved page The Vexation of the World: Translators forward to The Vexation of the World: Translator's forward without leaving a redirect

I am creating this partly in order to read this interesting book that is currently only available in Italian, and partly to teach myself Italian. It is a language I have never used before so please be patient if the quality of the translation is not up to professional standards.

The Vexation of the World: Translator's forward

2023-09-06T18:19:48Z

William: William moved page The-vexation-of-the-world-Translators forward to The Vexation of the World: Translators forward without leaving a redirect: Looked ugly before

The Vexation of the World: Translator's forward

2023-09-06T18:18:14Z

William: My Forward

The Vexation of the World

2023-09-06T18:15:41Z

William: Title page

An amateur translation of [https://www.amazon.co.uk/MONDO-AL-CONTRARIO-ROBERTO-VANNACCI/dp/B0CF4BJN3D|Il Mondo al Contrario] by the Italian general [[Roberto Vannacci]].
*[[the-vexation-of-the-world-Translators_forward|Translator's forward]]
*[[the-vexation-of-the-world-Author_note|Note about the author]]
# [[the_vexation_of_the_world_Common_Sense|Common Sense]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Environmentalism|Environmentalism]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Energy|Energy]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Multiculti|Multicultural and Multi-ethnic Society]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Security|Security and Self Defence]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Home|Home]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Family|Family]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Country|Country]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_LGBT+++_world|LGBT+++ World]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Taxation|Taxation]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_The_New_City|The New City]]
#[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Animal_Rights|Animal Rights]]
*[[the_vexation_of_the_world_Acknowledgements|Acknowledgements]]

Books

2023-09-06T17:30:30Z

William: /* Politics */ rename

==Novels==
===[[Arnold Bennett]]===
====Clayhanger Trilogy====
* [[Clayhanger]]
* Hilda Lessways
* These Twain
====Other works====
* Grand Hotel Babylon
* [[The Card]]
* Buried Alive
===[[C.S. Lewis]]===
* [[Space Trilogy]]

== Philosophy ==
* [[The World as Will and Representation]] by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]
===[[Plato]]===
* [[The Republic]]
* [[The Gorgias]]
== History ==
* The History of Florence by Nicolo Machiavelli
* [[The Gun-Wielding Philanthropist]] by [[William H. Cooke]]
== Politics ==
* [[The Vexation of the World]] by General [[Roberto Vannacci]]

== Religion ==
* [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-Chapter-1/ The Holy Bible]

Books

2023-09-06T17:04:59Z

William: Add world-vexxationed link

==Novels==
===[[Arnold Bennett]]===
====Clayhanger Trilogy====
* [[Clayhanger]]
* Hilda Lessways
* These Twain
====Other works====
* Grand Hotel Babylon
* [[The Card]]
* Buried Alive
===[[C.S. Lewis]]===
* [[Space Trilogy]]

== Philosophy ==
* [[The World as Will and Representation]] by [[Arthur Schopenhauer]]
===[[Plato]]===
* [[The Republic]]
* [[The Gorgias]]
== History ==
* The History of Florence by Nicolo Machiavelli
* [[The Gun-Wielding Philanthropist]] by [[William H. Cooke]]
== Politics ==
* [[The World Vexed]] by General [[Roberto Vannacci]]
== Religion ==
* [https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Genesis-Chapter-1/ The Holy Bible]

Cisco Switches

2023-09-06T16:29:44Z

William: Untagged trunk ports

Generally it is better to use Cisco switches as the interface is familier, works better than the web-driven rivals, they are more reliable and familiarity is worth money, unlike any other switch or router (with the exception of Juniper).

=== Goals ===
Broadly, create the VLAN, add and IP address to VLANs where needed, and move ports into the vlan.
== Fix idle timeout ==
Looking at sh line vty 0 around other details I can see the idle timeout is only ten minutes. I like to change it to thirty minutes to give me more thinking time and to make the notes on this page without it logging me out.
<nowiki>switch>sh line vty 0
Tty Typ Tx/Rx A Modem Roty AccO AccI Uses Noise Overruns Int
* 1 VTY - - - - - 8 0 0/0 -

Line 1, Location: "", Type: "xterm-256color"
Length: 24 lines, Width: 80 columns
Baud rate (TX/RX) is 9600/9600
Status: PSI Enabled, Ready, Active, No Exit Banner, Ctrl-c Enabled
Automore On, Notify Process
Capabilities: none
Modem state: Ready
Special Chars: Escape Hold Stop Start Disconnect Activation
^^x none - - none
Timeouts: Idle EXEC Idle Session Modem Answer Session Dispatch
00:10:00 never none not set</nowiki>
This is how I change it to thirty minutes
<nowiki>
switch>en
Password:
switch#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
switch(config)#line vty 0 15
switch(config-line)#exec-timeout 30 0
switch(config-line)#exit
switch(config)#exit
switch#disa
switch></nowiki>
Now the timeout is thirty minutes.
<nowiki>
switch>sh line vty 0
Tty Typ Tx/Rx A Modem Roty AccO AccI Uses Noise Overruns Int
* 1 VTY - - - - - 8 0 0/0 -

Line 1, Location: "", Type: "xterm-256color"
Length: 24 lines, Width: 80 columns
Baud rate (TX/RX) is 9600/9600
Status: PSI Enabled, Ready, Active, No Exit Banner, Ctrl-c Enabled
Automore On, Notify Process
Capabilities: none
Modem state: Ready
Special Chars: Escape Hold Stop Start Disconnect Activation
^^x none - - none
Timeouts: Idle EXEC Idle Session Modem Answer Session Dispatch
00:30:00 never none not set
</nowiki>

== Set IP address ==
So as to be able to telnet or SSH on (if supported) instead of using the serial console
<nowiki>
switch#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
switch(config)#int vlan1
switch(config-if)#ip address 192.168.1.2 255.255.255.0
switch(config-if)#exit
switch(config)#ip default-gateway 192.168.1.1
switch(config)#exit
switch#</nowiki>

== Create VLANs ==
Looking at the vlan setup doesn't require enable but changing it does.
<nowiki>
switch>sh vlan

VLAN Name Status Ports
---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Gi1/0/1, Gi1/0/2, Gi1/0/3
Gi1/0/4, Gi1/0/5, Gi1/0/6
Gi1/0/7, Gi1/0/8, Gi1/0/9
Gi1/0/10, Gi1/0/11, Gi1/0/12
Gi1/0/13, Gi1/0/14, Gi1/0/15
Gi1/0/16, Gi1/0/17, Gi1/0/18
Gi1/0/19, Gi1/0/20, Gi1/0/21
Gi1/0/22, Gi1/0/23, Gi1/0/24
Gi1/0/25, Gi1/0/26, Gi1/0/27
Gi1/0/28, Gi1/0/29, Gi1/0/30
Gi1/0/31, Gi1/0/32, Gi1/0/33
Gi1/0/34, Gi1/0/35, Gi1/0/36
Gi1/0/37, Gi1/0/38, Gi1/0/39
Gi1/0/40, Gi1/0/41, Gi1/0/42
Gi1/0/43, Gi1/0/44, Gi1/0/45
Gi1/0/46, Gi1/0/47, Gi1/0/48
Gi1/0/49, Gi1/0/50, Gi1/0/51
Gi1/0/52
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 trcrf-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trbrf-default act/unsup
</nowiki>

At this point everything is in VLAN1, which is the default configuration. However our goal here is to put ports into a relevant VLAN and turn off VLAN1. First we need to create some VLANs. Go into enable mode and conf t.
<nowiki>
switch>en
Password:
switch#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
switch(config)#vlan 30
switch(config-vlan)#name servers
switch(config-vlan)#exit
switch(config)#exit
switch#</nowiki>
=== Setup trunk to Switch 2 ===
<nowiki>
switch#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
switch(config)#int gi1/0/4
switch(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switch(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
switch(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan remove 1-4094
switch(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan add 30,40
switch(config-if)#exit
switch(config)#exit
switch#</nowiki>
=== Setup trunk to Switch 1 ===
<nowiki>
switch2#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
switch2(config)#int gi1/0/6
switch2(config-if)#switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switch2(config-if)#switchport mode trunk
switch2(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan remove 1-4094
switch2(config-if)#switchport trunk allowed vlan add 30,40
switch2(config-if)#exit
switch2(config)#exit</nowiki>
This config can now be seen with sh run (only pasting the relevant section)
<nowiki>
switch2#sh run
!
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk allowed vlan 30,40
switchport mode trunk
!</nowiki>
=== Port with untagged and tagged traffic ===
This is when a port is used as an access port and also has vlans available. Typically necessary for setting up something with a single interface.
<nowiki>
!
interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2
description white wire
switchport trunk encapsulation dot1q
switchport trunk native vlan 40
switchport trunk allowed vlan 30,40,50
switchport mode trunk
!
</nowiki>
In the above config it is necessary to have the "native" vlan (the equivalent of an access vlan, "switchport access vlan 40") also an allowed vlan for the trunk port.

OpenBSD

2023-07-22T22:56:04Z

William: Adding information about setting up vlans

OpenBSD is another 4.4BSD-lite derived [[OS]] like so many others and anyone familiar with Linux and any other Unix will find themselves at home. It's most common use case is a a router, due to its very sophisticated networking features.

==Using PPPeE==
If you are using OpenBSD as a router, it is likely you will need to use PPPoE (the Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet as that is what many ISPs supply.

In the following example the ethernet cable from the fiber media converter is plugged into em0 network interface

<nowiki># cat /etc/hostname.em0
mtu 1508 up

# cat /etc/hostname.pppoe0
inet 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 NONE \
pppoedev em0 \
authproto chap authname 'my-user-name' authkey 'my-secret' \
mtu 1500 \
up
dest 0.0.0.1
!/sbin/route add default -ifp pppoe0 0.0.0.1

# sh /etc/netstart</nowiki>

[Todo: add a section of pf firewall usage in a router, for the above]

== Using VLANs ==
Sometimes you want to run network ports in trunk mode and have the networking on them in vlans. This is common on a router as it gives you more more network interfaces than are physically fitted to the router.

The current setup is this:
# cat /etc/hostname.em1
inet 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0
That should be replaced with the singe word "up"
# echo "up" > /etc/hostname.em1
# cat /etc/hostname.em1
up
The reason for this is we will no longer use the interface directly, only vlans within it.
Now setup the vlan interface. Our vlan is going to be vlan 40.
# echo "inet 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0 NONE vlan 40 vlandev em1" > /etc/hostname.vlan40
# sh /etc/netstart
Then apply changes to /etc/pf.conf to update your firewall to reflect that what was em1 is now vlan40 in firewall terms.
You can add as many more vlans as you need using the same technique.

Alpine Linux

2023-05-14T20:11:32Z

William: Extra alpine details

Minimalist traditionalist Linux distribution. Can be installed on a [[Raspberry Pi]] too.

== Installation on Raspberry Pi ==
Set up the [[SD Card]] like so using fdisk, once you have idenfied the name of the sd-card device using [[dmesg]]:

<nowiki>
$ sudo fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 14.84 GiB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb007d0b8

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1 * 8192 532479 524288 256M c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 532480 31116287 30583808 14.6G 83 Linux</nowiki>

Make sure to set the bootable flag for the 256MB W95 partition above. Also needs to be LBA if not already.

Alpine Linux

2023-05-05T16:19:36Z

William: First save Alpine Linux

Minimalist traditionalist Linux distribution. Can be installed on a [[Rasperry Pi]] too.

== Installation on Raspbery Pi ==
Set up the [[SD Card]] like so using fdisk, once you have idenfied the name of the sd-card device using [[dmesg]]:

<nowiki>
$ sudo fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.37.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.

Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 14.84 GiB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb007d0b8

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/mmcblk0p1 8192 532479 524288 256M c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 532480 31116287 30583808 14.6G 83 Linux</nowiki>

Xubuntu

2023-05-05T16:12:35Z

William: Xubuntu first save

Popular laptop-orientated Ubuntu-variant. Better UI than Ubuntu.

Raspberry Pi

2023-05-05T16:10:51Z

William: Raspberry Pi first save

Small USB-powered ARM computer. Low power usage makes it useful for situations where a physical computer is needed without the electrical costs of a larger system

Raspbian

2023-05-05T16:09:37Z

William: Raspbian first save

Operating system of choice for the [[Raspberry Pi]]. Closely derived from [[Debian]].

Debian

2023-05-05T16:08:22Z

William: Debian page improved

Premier server-orientated Linux distribution. Many distributions are downstream from this. Notoriously slow release cycle.
== Direct descendents ==
* Ubuntu
* [[Raspbian]]

Debian

2023-05-05T16:07:07Z

William: Debian first save

Premier server-orientated Linux distribution. Many distributions are downstream from this. Notoriously slow release cycle.

Linux

2023-05-05T16:06:00Z

William: Create link for Linux distro subpages

Principle [[Unix]]-like operating systems used today. Divides into distributions:
== Linux Distributions ==
* [[Debian]]
** Ubuntu
*** [[Xubuntu]]
*** Lubuntu
*** Mint
** [[Raspbian]]
* Redhat
** Suse
** Centos
** Scientific Linx
* [[Alpine Linux]]
(indented to indicate descent)

Linux

2023-05-05T16:04:56Z

William: Basic Linux page

Principle [[Unix]]-like operating systems used today. Divides into distributions:
== Linux Distributions ==
* Debian
** Ubuntu
*** Xubuntu
*** Lubuntu
*** Mint
** Raspbian
* Redhat
** Suse
** Centos
** Scientific Linx
* [[Alpine Linux]]
(indented to indicate descent)

Cisco Switches

2023-05-05T15:51:38Z

William: trunk setup